Stoof I'm putting here to study for teh finals. Very, very, fuggin boring. DDDx And tiring, so I'll prolly add stuff gradually the next few days.
-Tissues:
Histology: the study of tissues
-complements study of gross anatomy and provides structural basis for study of physiology
4 Types:
-epithelial (cover and line)
-connective (supports)
-muscle (enables movement)
-nervous (controls work)
Function Epithelial:
-protect; cover, line. - filter chem. subs. -absorb nutrients
-provide sensory output -manufacture secretions+excretions
Chara:
-polar
-junctional complexes
-Avascular (no blood supply)
-usually innervated (inside out)
Epithelia classification:
-# of layers (simple/stratified)
-shape of cell (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)
-presence of surface specializations
Simple Squamous:
-single layered, flattened, hexagonal
-lines areas where protection is not high priority
-allows diffusion, filtration, secretion, and absorption
Simple Cuboidal:
-single layer, tightly packed, cube
-lines areas where protection is not important
-allows secretion and absorption
-important in endocrine/exocrine organs (pancreas)
Simple Columnar:
-single layer, slender, goblet cells
-line where protection is not important
-allow absorption in intestine and secretion in stomac
-ciliated in lungs and uterine tubes
Stratified squamous
-keratinized or nonkeratinized
-cuboidal or columnar basement membrane
-in areas prone to abrasion
stratified cuboidal
-2 layers
-secretion, absorption, protection (deeper layers)
stratified columnar
-basal cells (deepest layer) are cuboidal and superficial
-rare, but found in large ducts of mammary glands and small portions of urethra in male
-secretion and production
pseudostratified
-single layer
-mostly ciliated + goblet cells
-in respiratory tract (trachea) and male reproduction tract
Transitional
-stratified w/ basal layer
-cuboidal/columnar and superficial
-in urinary bladder, ureter, urethra
Glandular
-have prominent GA and secretory granules
-glands develop from epithelia
-endocrine ductless and secret hormones
-exocrine have ducts and can be uni/multicellular
Unicellular exocrine gland
-ductless, goblet, secretes mucin, component of mucus
Multicellular exocrine gland
-secretory unit and duct
-tubular or alveolar/acinar or tubuloalveolar/tubuloacinar
-merocrine, apocrine, holocrine
-serous mucous or mixed
Ch 5 Integument
Functions:
-reduce dessication (drying out) and threat of injury, maintain temp.
-excrete water, salt, and organic wastes, receive and conveys sensory info, synth. vitamin D, store nutrients
3 layers:
-epidermis
-dermis
-hypodermis (SQ)
Epi:
cell types:
-keratinocytes
-keratin: tough, fibrous, waterproof
-melanocytes - melanin
-produce melanin in pigment
-merkel cells: phagocytize microinvaders; macrophage specific to epi.
-Langerhans cells: found in stratum spinosum
Epidermal Layers, bottom to top
1 Stratum germinativum (basal layer)
-deepest
-single row of keratocytes
-merkel cells, melanocytes, keratocytes
2. stratum spinosum (spiny layer)
-contains several layers of cells held together by desmosomes
-langerhans cells
3. stratum granulosum (granular middle layer)
-composed of flattened, diamond shaped keratocytes that contain granules of glycolipids
4. stratum lucidum (clear layer)
-in very thick skin
-composed of few rows of flat dead cells
5. stratum cornum (horny outermost layer)
-composed of 20-30 rows of keratocyte "remnants"
Dermis: composed of dense, irregular and connective tissue
-includes hair follicles, nerve endings, blood vessels, smooth muscle, glands, and lymphatics
Fibrous layers of dermis
1. Papillary: underneath epithelial of epidermis
-dermal papillae help cement epidermis and dermis together
2. Reticular
-consists of dense, irregular connective tissue
-bundles of collagen fibers from pap. layer blend into ret. layer
Hypodermis (SQ)
-adipose, blood, and lymphatic nessels and nerves
-special touch receptors
-hypo. fibers continuous w/ dermis
Special Integ. Features:
-pigmentation, paw pads, planum nasale, egots and chestnuts
-Melanocyte: stimulating hormone controls dispersion of granules
-Keratocytes: arrange melanin
Paw pads: thick, layers of fat and connective tissue w/ exocrine sweat glands
-outer surface toughest and thickest in body
-papillae seen covering entire pad
-all 5 layers
Planum Nasale: top of nose in cats, pigs, sheep, and dogs
-usually pigmented, aglandular except in sheep, pigs and cows
-3 layers
-no lucidum or granulosum
Egots and Chestnuts: dark, horny structures found on legs in equine family
-thought to be remnants of carpal and tarsal pads
Related:
-hair, glands, claws, dew claws, hoof, horns
Hair:
-temp., camouflage
-Shaft: above skin
-Root: within skin
-Follicle: anchor skin
-Base layer bulb made of papilla
-Color: melanocytes transfer melanin to cells
Tail glands:
-oval region @ dorsal base of tail
-coarse, oily hairs
-identification
a**l sacs:
-like skunk glands
-@ 4 and 8 o'clock
-lined with glands
-expressed if scared
Claws and Dewclaws:
Claws:
-hard outer covering of distal digits
-maintain traction, tools of def.
Dewclaws:
-evolutionary remnants of digits
-digits counted medial->lateral
Hoof: horny outer layer covering digits
-AKA Ungula, hoofed animal = ungulate
-Rest on corium tissue
Wall: anterior, lateral and medial; toe, quarters, heels
Sole: plantar/palmar surface, outer layers avascular and lack innervation
Frog: triangular horny structure between heels on underside of hoof
-divided by central depression known as 'central sulcus'
Horns and Antlers:
Antlers:
-made of bone
-grown and she yearly
-males of deer family
-female carribou (reindeer) grow antlers
-antlers grow from 'pedicle', a bony platform above frontal bone of skull
-grow until late Apr. or May
-By end of May, developed and covered with red velvet
-velvet: skin covering w/ nerves and blood vessels
-By Aug, growth ends and velvet dries at tips
-velvet dies and peels when antlers fully hardened
-mating season begins, pedicle separates from skull and breaks in a set when bumped
Horns:
-made of tubular filaments of keratin
-usually hollow; only rhinos have solid horns
-grown throughout life, no regrowing if lost
-growth different from antlers
-neither sheath nor core shed
-horns begin @ birth as small humps of cartilage under skin, over skull, but not attached, AKA "ossicones"
-epiphysial, posses own centers of ossification and fuse secondarily to skull
-horns used to fight and display for breeding
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